tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68239147713550503132012-02-16T18:44:01.662+03:30Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.comBlogger571100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-20723811226667069912008-05-03T22:59:00.001+04:302008-05-05T10:42:52.027+04:30

IntroductionGrammar teaching has often been regarded as a structure based, formal activity. After the integration of several sources and techniques, which are mainly based on communicative activities, the teaching of grammar gained a new insight. In the teaching of grammar, technique-resource combinations are often modified to structure-discourse match and if well developed, they can be used

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Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3,000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice.The Oxfam International Secretariat leads, facilitates and supports collaboration between the Oxfam affiliates to increase Oxfam International’s impact on poverty and injustice through advocacy campaigns, development programs and

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CARE is a leading humanitarian organization fighting global poverty. Non-political and non-sectarian, we operate each year in more than 65 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Eastern Europe, reaching more than 50 million people in poor communities.CARE helps tackle underlying causes of poverty so that people can become self-sufficient. CARE is often one of the first to

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CARE International (CI) is a confederation composed of twelve national Members, each being an autonomous non-governmental organization in its own right. CI Members in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia carry out a range of project-related, advocacy, fundraising, and communications activities in support of CARE’s relief and development programmes in over 65 countries worldwide. Robert

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A schematic representation of the exchanges of energy between outer space, the Earth's atmosphere, and the Earth surface. The ability of the atmosphere to capture and recycle energy emitted by the Earth surface is the defining characteristic of the greenhouse effect.The greenhouse effect is the process in which the emission of infrared radiation by the atmosphere warms a planet's surface. The

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Seahorses are a genus (Hippocampus) of fish belonging to the family Syngnathidae, which also includes pipefish and leafy sea dragons. There are over 32 species of seahorse, mainly found in tropical and subtropical coastal and reef waters all over Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. Colonies have also been found in European waters such as the Thames Estuary. From North America down to South

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Average circulation in the south Pacific OceanEl Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. The Pacific ocean signatures, El Niño and La Niña are important temperature fluctuations in surface waters of the tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean. The name El Niño, from the Spanish for "the little boy", refers to the Christ

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El Niño is an oscillation of the ocean-atmosphere system in the tropical Pacific having important consequences for weather around the globe.Among these consequences are increased rainfall across the southern tier of the US and in Peru, which has caused destructive flooding, and drought in the West Pacific, sometimes associated with devastating brush fires in Australia. Observations of conditions

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In the 1500s, fishermen who lived in South America began to wonder about a current of unusually warm water that came to their shore every few years near Christmastime. Since the fishermen believed in the birth of the Christ child at Christmas, and since they spoke Spanish, they named the hot water El Niño, which means "the infant" in Spanish. Where do scientists look for El Niño? The hot water

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An El Niño is a temporary change in the climate of the Pacific ocean, in the region around the equator. You can see its effects in both the ocean and atmosphere, generally in Northern Hemisphere winter. Typically, the ocean surface warms up by a few degrees celsius. At the same time, the place where hefty thunderstorms occur on the equator moves eastward. Although those might seem like small

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Navajo legends tell us of the people before man. The Holy People are First Man, Changing Woman, Spider Woman, Monster Slayer, Born of/for Water, the Snake People, the Corn People, etc. These Holy People maintained permanent paintings of sacred designs on spider webs, sheets of sky, clouds, and some fabrics, including buckskin. When the First People, the Dineh, created by Changing Woman, were

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The Olympic Games (often referred to simply as The Olympics or The Games ) is an international multi-sport event subdivided into summer and winter sporting events. The summer and winter games are each held every four years (an ). Until 1992, they were both held in the same year. Since then, they have been separated two years apart.The original Olympic Games (Greek: Ολυμπιακοί Αγώνες; Olympiakoi

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Few people have ever seen the places the past explorer, James Cook, has ventured. Cook sailed around to far reaches of the world reaching all seven continents during his lifetime. He traveled on three very lengthy journeys with two different sailing ships, encountering hardship and triumph along the way. Not many people ever get off their own continent today, little less back in the 1700's, but

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Ages 5 to 12Explore a traditional Navajo art formWhat you needSand Powdered tempera paints in various colors or food coloring Construction paper, pencil, craft glue Clean, empty containers such as styrofoam bowls or glass jars Plastic spoons and Popsicle sticks Plastic or styrofoam tray What to doThe Navajo refer to themselves as Dine (Dee-Nay), which means "the people." They are the largest

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Louis Braille was accidentally blinded in one eye at the age of three. Within two years, a disease in his other eye left him completely blind. When he was fifteen, he developed an ingenious system of reading and writing by means of raised dots. Today, in virtually every language throughout the world, Braille is the standard form of writing and reading used by visually impaired persons. THE

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Nationality French Gender Male Occupation teacher Braille designed a coding system, based on patterns of raised dots, which theblind could read by touch. Born on January 4, 1809, Coupvray, France, Braille was accidentally blinded in one eye at the age of three. Within two years,a disease in his other eye left him completely blind.In 1819, Braille received a scholarship to the Institut National

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Six dots. Six bumps. Six bumps in different patterns, like constellations, spreading out over the page. What are they? Numbers, letters, words. Who made this code? None other than Louis Braille, a French 12-year-old, who was also blind. And his work changed the world of reading and writing, forever. Louis was from a small town called Coupvray, near Paris—he was born on January 4 in 1809. Louis

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Braille's tomb in the crypt of the Panthéon. The same year Louis began inventing his raised-dot system with his father's stitching awl, finishing at age 15, in 1824. His system used only six dots and corresponded to letters, whereas Barbier's used 12 dots corresponding to sounds. The six-dot system allowed the recognition of letters with a single fingertip apprehending all the dots at once,

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Louis Braille is famous because he invented the special alphabet by which blind people can read. He became blind in an accident when he was four years of age, but overcame his disability to become one of the most famous people who ever lived in France. The Braille Alphabet.Louis was born near Paris in 1809. Louis Braille's father was a shoemaker and Louis often watched him at work. One day, he

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Legends in Sand: The Evolution of the Modern Navajo SandpaintingAn article by Lee AndersonThis brief article examines the Navajo sandpainting as both a religious item and an art item. We’ll present a brief history and discuss the sandpaintings as art forms that are used and made today. Lastly, we’ll at how this art form has evolved. Note that this brief article only touches the surface; for more

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Legends in Sand: The Evolution of the Modern Navajo SandpaintingThis brief article examines the Navajo sandpainting as both a religious item and an art item. We’ll present a brief history and discuss the sandpaintings as art forms that are used and made today. Lastly, we’ll at how this art form has evolved. Note that this brief article only touches the surface; for more information, consult the

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Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. UTC has uniform seconds defined by International Atomic Time (TAI), with leap seconds announced at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation and other discrepancies. Leap seconds allow UTC to closely track Universal Time (UT), a time standard based not on the uniform passage of seconds, but on the

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Cook was born in a small village near Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, and learnt his trade in small sailing ships known as 'cats', in which he journeyed up and down the coast from the Tyne to the Thames. He later served with the Royal Navy, and in 1768 won the appointment of commander of the Endeavour. In 1769 Venus was due to pass in front of the Sun, a rare event that can be used to measure the

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James and Grace Cook lived in a cottage in the village of Marton in Cleveland, where he worked as a farm labourer. It was here on 27th October 1728, their second son, James Cook was born, destined to cross the oceans of the world and venture further as any man might. As a small boy, the family moved to Aireyholme Farm, three miles from Great Ayton. The nearby Roseberry Topping prominent against

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Fact sheetDepartment of the Environment and Heritage, 2006 Captain Cook's name is synonymous with the world's greatest explorers and navigators. During the late eighteenth century, Cook's expeditions changed the world. His voyages to the South Pacific brought two hemispheres together, contributing enormously to European knowledge of the Southern Hemisphere, its geography, flora, fauna and

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(Born: October 27, 1728 Died: February 14, 1779) The English navigator James Cook, possibly the greatest explorer of the 18th century, is known for his voyages to the Pacific Ocean and his application of scientific methods to exploration and to cartography. Born on Oct. 27, 1728, he was the son of a poor Scotsman who had settled in Yorkshire as an agricultural labourer. After a short time in a

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IntroductionLouis Braille invented "braille", a world wide system of embossed type used by blind and partially sighted people for reading and writing. It has been adapted to almost every known language, from Albanian to Zulu. He died in 1852 and, for a while, it seemed as if this system would die with the inventor. Thankfully a few key people realised the importance of this invention. In 1868, Dr

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Young learners and the phonemic chartNicola Meldrum, British Council, SpainThe main aim of this article is for teachers to help their students become more knowledgeable and interested in learning the sounds of English and to help them see how it can facilitate autonomous learning with self-study English language learning material and dictionaries. Hopefully if we start educating learners from a

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'Wall dictionary'Nonia Gao, ChinaThis is a good way to help kids learn and review their vocabulary. It really helps them with the alphabet and spelling. Procedure• Prepare a colourful piece of paper which can be used as a background for the wall dictionary. • Sew 26 pockets on it (or use glue/sticky tape) and label each pocket with a letter of the alphabet • Ask the children to prepare sets of

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Using dictation Amy Lightfoot, British Council, IndiaDictation has been a feature of language classrooms for hundreds of years. However, for many teachers these days, the word 'dictation' is synonymous with 'old-fashioned', 'boring', and 'teacher-centred'. In fact, it hardly seems to merit a mention in most of the introductory texts for ELT trainees. Is it really as outdated and uncommunicative

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Theories of reading 2Shahin Vaezi Ph.D. Assistant professor, University of Science and Technology, IranThis article is the second of two parts. The first looked at some of the shifts and trends in theories relating to reading. This second part will examine tips and guidelines for implementing a theory of reading which will help to develop our learner's abilities.• Text characteristics •

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Theories of readingShahin Vaezi Ph.D. Assistant professor, University of Science and Technology, IranThis article is in two parts. The first will look at some of the shifts and trends in theories relating to reading. The second part will examine tips and guidelines for implementing a theory of reading which will help to develop our learner's abilities.• The traditional view • The cognitive view •

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Teaching the schwaCatherine Morley, British Council, MexicoIf you only learn or teach one phoneme, make sure it's the most common English sound - the schwa. • Why the schwa is the most common sound • Why I teach the schwa • How I teach the schwa • ConclusionWhy the schwa is the most common soundIn stress-timed languages such as English, stresses occur at regular intervals. The words which are

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Teaching the schwaCatherine Morley, British Council, MexicoIf you only learn or teach one phoneme, make sure it's the most common English sound - the schwa. • Why the schwa is the most common sound • Why I teach the schwa • How I teach the schwa • ConclusionWhy the schwa is the most common soundIn stress-timed languages such as English, stresses occur at regular intervals. The words which are

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Teaching Multi-Level ClassesWhat is a Multi-level ESL class?Multi-level classrooms are as varied as the students in them. Most often, they include students who communicate in English at a variety of different levels. They may also be considered multi-level because they include students with different types of learning backgrounds, such as those who have learned orally and those who have learned

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ie- or -ei-Sometimes it is difficult to remember whether a word is spelled with -ie- or -ei-. There is a very simple rule about this:• I before EExcept after C Rule ExamplesI before E achieve, believe, brief, chief, friend, grief, hygiene, patience, pierce, priest, thiefExcept after C ceiling, conceit, conceive, deceit, deceive, perceive, receipt, receiveOf course, there are some exceptions to

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Seven steps to vocabulary learning Paul BressHave you ever considered why a learner (even an advanced one) can hear a difficult English word or phrase literally thousands of times and still not use that word in the way that a native speaker does? You might expect that, after having been exposed to a word in ten, twenty, or maybe at the very most thirty, contexts, a learner will gradually piece

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Reading and elementary learnersSue Leather, Freelance trainer and writerOne of the key issues I've noticed in getting my elementary learners to read is that of self-confidence. When confronted with a reading text, particularly one that's authentic, or semi-authentic, it's easy for them to think; 'I haven't got enough grammar or vocabulary' or 'I can't read English.' There's then a danger that I

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Questions and answersWhat makes a good teacher? The questionMelissa Trujillo, Guatemala As teachers, we are constantly reflecting on our teaching, our students, our methods, and even our decisions as educators. In your opinion, what makes a "good teacher"? Please, I am researching about "good teachers" and I would appreciate your opinions.What's your opinion?Youssef, MoroccoFor me a good teacher

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Questions and answersVocabulary for beginnersThe questionVocabulary for beginnersMohamed, MoroccoI'm a trainee student teacher of English. I would like to know the best approaches for teaching English vocabulary to beginners. Thanks.Your answersMohammed Nadi, MoroccoWell, teaching vocabulary to beginners undergoes disparate techniques...1- Use of realia. It is done by bringing real objects to

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Questions and answersTeaching the alphabet and spellingThe questionTeaching the alphabet and spellingShirin Bazargan, from the message boardHi. What is the best way to teach the alphabet & correct spelling of words to students up to 12? thanks. Your answersGabriela Kabelková, The Czech RepublicHello Shirin,I teach the alphabet this way. I encourage children to write on blackboard as many

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Questions and answersTeaching grammarWe have two questions this week on the topic of grammar teaching. Grammar is an essential part of the language learning process but opinions vary on the best way of teaching it.The questionsGrammar TranslationZahid Hameed, Pakistan"Can you please tell me the different advantages and disadvantages of the grammar translation method?"Grammr teaching

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Questions and answersSpelling mistakesThe questionSpelling mistakesSanthosh KumarKana. India. I would like to be advised on how to help children and college students overcome 'spelling mistakes'. They can be given dictation, but this is not possible everyday Please suggest methods to bring them to the right spelling of words.Your answersAhmed Sahloub, EgyptTo find a remedy for the problem of

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-22504281798971971122008-01-18T22:13:00.001+03:302008-01-18T22:13:47.892+03:30

Questions and answersMaking reading funThe questionYesha, Mauritius I am an English teacher in Mauritius teaching students aged from 11-16 years old. I have to teach reading comprehension passages and this can get quite boring at times. How can you make a comprehension passage interesting for teenagers?What's your opinion?Nadezhda, RussiaI ask them to read the first sentences and then stop and

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-83859585047556192792008-01-18T22:11:00.001+03:302008-01-18T22:12:27.097+03:30

Questions and answersAlphabet helpThe questionAlphabet helpElisabeth, Germany"Hello, I have been working with a class of post-beginners for approximately two years, and they still don't know the English alphabet! I hasten to add that I don't miss any opportunity to practise spelling, but without lasting success. Could anyone help me with an approach that is really effective? Thank you in advance.

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-63986588752170915202008-01-18T22:11:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:12:20.162+03:30

Questions and answersAlphabet helpThe questionAlphabet helpElisabeth, Germany"Hello, I have been working with a class of post-beginners for approximately two years, and they still don't know the English alphabet! I hasten to add that I don't miss any opportunity to practise spelling, but without lasting success. Could anyone help me with an approach that is really effective? Thank you in advance.

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-53000471321227932862008-01-18T22:10:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:11:28.094+03:30

Public Speaking in English: PresentationsJosef EssbergerPeople speak in public for many reasons. One of the most common forms of public speaking is the 'Presentation'. In a presentation, you 'present' or introduce something (a product, an idea, financial results, a project etc) to your audience. You give a presentation because you want to 'communicate' something. Generally, you want to do one of

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-45774682688296714302008-01-18T22:08:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:09:36.403+03:30

Presenting new languagePaul Kaye, Materials writer, BoliviaWhen we decide to present new language items to learners explicitly, there are two underlying approaches for the differing techniques we can use – deductive and inductive. This article will compare the two, describe how they work, what they look like, and what benefits they can offer us when we need to present something new to our

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-39032702775127799342008-01-18T22:07:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:08:40.689+03:30

Planning a grammar lessonTanya Cotter, British Council, MoroccoWithout grammar, words hang together without any real meaning or sense. In order to be able to speak a language to some degree of proficiency and to be able to say what we really want to say, we need to have some grammatical knowledge. By teaching grammar we not only give our students the means to express themselves, but we also

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Learning styles and teachingCheron Verster, teacher trainer and materials developer, South AfricaYour students will be more successful if you match your teaching style to their learning styles.What is a learning style?Where do learning styles come from?Why should teachers know about learning styles?What types of learning styles are there?What teaching methods and activities suit different

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-51235651962238763442008-01-18T22:04:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:05:16.838+03:30

Informal ContractionsInformal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang.For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say "going to" very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like "gonna".Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-50477458553949770912008-01-18T22:03:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:04:36.092+03:30

Global English and the teaching of pronunciationJennifer Jenkins, lecturer in sociolinguistics and phonology at King's College, LondonThe emergence of so many different kinds (or 'varieties') of international English has caused a number of linguists to question the use of native speaker pronunciation models in the teaching of English. This article presents my research into the pronunciation of

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-86211643184080035312008-01-18T22:02:00.001+03:302008-01-18T22:02:53.720+03:30

Delexicalised verbs 1Shaun Dowling, Teacher trainer, Cultura Inglesa, BrasiliaIn the first part of this two part article Shaun Dowling looks at delexicalised verbs, and the problems they cause for our students.Where they come fromMeaningDelexicalised verbs and collocationsLearner perceptions of meaning and choiceI remember in one of my first classes a young law student who was studying with me,

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-65203475950932555872008-01-18T22:00:00.000+03:302008-01-18T22:02:05.222+03:30

Delexicalised verbs 2Shaun Dowling, Teacher trainer, Cultura Inglesa, BrasiliaIn the first part of this article the writer explored the use of delexicalised verbs and the problems they create for our learners. He now goes on to outline some ways in which we can help our learners with this tricky area and help them to make their English sound more natural.Using student knowledgeMaterials light

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-19094628138735769872008-01-18T21:59:00.001+03:302008-01-18T21:59:37.678+03:30

Countable NounsCountable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns:dog, cat, animal, man, personbottle, box, litrecoin, note, dollarcup, plate, forktable, chair, suitcase, bagCountable nouns can be singular or plural:My dog is playing.My dogs are hungry.We can

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-78546015827411397332008-01-18T21:51:00.000+03:302008-01-18T21:53:42.270+03:30

Coordinated Universal TimeCoordinated Universal Time (UTC) is a high-precision atomic time standard. UTC has uniform seconds defined by International Atomic Time (TAI), with leap seconds announced at irregular intervals to compensate for the Earth's slowing rotation and other discrepancies. Leap seconds allow UTC to closely track Universal Time (UT), a time standard based not on the uniform

Manizheh Alimoradihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17968798274296541461noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6823914771355050313.post-48823312132674294372007-12-26T22:30:00.000+03:302007-12-26T22:34:16.008+03:30

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